\documentclass[reqno]{amsart}
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\AtBeginDocument{{\noindent\small
\emph{Electronic Journal of Differential Equations},
Vol. 2011 (2011), No. 147, pp. 1--5.\newline
ISSN: 1072-6691. URL: http://ejde.math.txstate.edu or http://ejde.math.unt.edu
\newline ftp ejde.math.txstate.edu}
\thanks{\copyright 2011 Texas State University - San Marcos.}
\vspace{9mm}}

\begin{document}
\title[\hfilneg EJDE-2011/147\hfil Krasnosel'skii fixed point theorem]
{Krasnosel'skii fixed point theorem for dissipative operators}

\author[T. Xiang\hfil EJDE-2011/147\hfilneg]
{Tian Xiang}

\address{Tian Xiang \newline
Department of Mathematics,
Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA}
\email{txiang@tulane.edu}

\thanks{Submitted July 22, 2011. Published November 3, 2011.}
\subjclass[2000]{37C25, 47H09,47H10, 47H30}
\keywords{Dissipative operator; condensing operator; fixed point}

\begin{abstract}
 In this note, a sufficient condition guaranteing the existence of
 fixed points in a nonempty, closed convex $K$ for $T+S$ is given,
 where $T:K\subset E\to E$ is dissipative and $S:K\to E$ is condensing.
 This  may indicate a new direction of the Krasnoselskii type fixed
 point theorem.
\end{abstract}

\maketitle
\numberwithin{equation}{section}
\newtheorem{theorem}{Theorem}[section]
\newtheorem{corollary}[theorem]{Corollary}
\newtheorem{proposition}[theorem]{Proposition}

\section{Introduction}

In 1955, Krasnoselskii \cite{Kras1}  proved a fixed point
theorem for the sum of two operators.    The theorem was  motivated
by an observation that the inversion of a perturbed differential
operator may yield the sum of a compact and contraction operator.
Krasnoselskii's theorem  actually combines the Banach contraction
mapping principle and the Schauder \cite{Smart} fixed point theorem.
It asserts that the sum $T+S$ has at least one fixed point in a nonempty,
closed convex subset $K$ of a Banach space $E$, where $S$ and $T$ verify:
\begin{itemize}
    \item [(i)] $T$ is a contraction with constant $\alpha<1$;
    \item [(ii)] $S$ is continuous and $S(K)$ resides in a compact
    subset of $E$;
    \item [(iii)] any $x,y\in K$ imply $Tx+Sy\in K$.
\end{itemize}

 The theorem is  useful in establishing the existence theorems for
perturbed operator equations. The importance of this kind of results
relies on, among other things,
its many applications in nonlinear analysis. For instance, it has  a wide range of
applications  to nonlinear integral equations of mixed type for
proving the existence of solutions. Thus the existence of fixed points for the sum
of two operators has been focus of tremendously interest and their applications are frequent
in nonlinear analysis. For example,  O'regan \cite{Oregan}
proved a kind of such results with applications to boundary-value
problems of second-order with nonlinearities.  Several improvements
of Krasnosel'skii Theorem have been established in the literature in the course
of time by modifying  assumption (i), (ii) or (iii). See
\cite{Burton, Dhage, Xiang,Xiang2}.  It was mentioned  in \cite{Burton}
that the condition  (iii) is too stringent and can be replaced by a
mild one, in which Burton proposed the following improvement for
$(iii)$: if $ x=Tx+Sy $ with $ y\in K $, then $x\in K$.
Subsequently, Dhage \cite{Dhage} replaced (i) by the following
requirement: $T$ is a  bounded linear operator on $E$, and $T^p$ is
a nonlinear contraction for some $p\in \mathbb{N}$. In \cite{Xiang},
the authors firstly replaced the contraction map by
an expansion and then  replaced the compactness of the operator $S$
by a $k-$set contractive one, and
obtained some new fixed point  results, which extend and develop
some previous related fixed point  results.  More recently, a pretty
universal compact-type and noncompact-type Krasnoselskii
fixed point theorem were established in  \cite{Liu} and \cite{Xiang2},
respectively.


So far, for the sum of two operators, many kinds of  generalizations
and  variants of Krasnoselskii's fixed point theorem have been obtained,
see for example
\cite{Burton, Barroso2, Dhage, Liu, Oregan, Xiang,Xiang2}
and the references therein.


The fixed point results obtained in \cite{Xiang2} facilitate the application
of Krasnosel'skii Theorem to another kind of operator, namely, dissipative
operator. We thus consider in this note the fixed point of the sum $T+S$
in a nonempty, closed convex $K$, where $T:K\subset E\to E$ is
dissipative and $S:K\to E$ is condensing. Since dissipative operators may
not be continuous, the assumption on $T$ lessens the usual continuity
assumption on $T$. Thus, this may indicate a new direction of the
Krasnoselskii type fixed point theorem. In a special case with
$K=B_{\rho}$, under mild condition
$S(B_\rho)\subset \operatorname{R}(I-T)$, it is shown that
$T+S$ has at least one fixed point in $B_{\rho}$, where $B_{\rho}$ is
the closed ball with radius $\rho>0$ and center at origin.

\section{A Fixed point theorem for the sum of dissipative and condensing
operators}

 Throughout this note,  we  denote by $(E, \|\cdot\|)$  a
Banach  space. Define  the duality set of $x\in E$, a subset of the dual
space  $E^*$ of $E$, by
  $$
  J(x)=\big\{x^*\in E^*: \|x^*\|_{E^*}^2=\|x\|_E^2=\langle x^*,x\rangle\big\}.
  $$
Let $T:D(T)\subset E\to E$ be a (possibly) nonlinear operator. Then $T$
is said to be dissipative if for each $x,y\in D(T)$ there exists $f\in J(x-y)$
such that
\begin{equation} \label{001}
 \operatorname{Re}\langle f, Tx-Ty\rangle\leq 0.
\end{equation}
This notion is a nonlinear version  of linear dissipative operators,
introduced in \cite{Bowder} and \cite{Kato} independently. Dissipative or
accretive operators play a significant role in the study of nonlinear
semigroups, differential equations in Banach spaces, and fully nonlinear
partial differential equations.

  For a Hilbert space $H$, it is clear that \eqref{001} is equivalent to
$(x-y, Tx-Ty)\leq 0$ for all $x,y\in D(T)$. Using this equivalent
characterization, one can easily show that  the Laplacian operator,
$ \Delta$,  defined on the dense subspace of compactly supported smooth
functions on the domain $\Omega\subset \mathbb{R}^n$, is a dissipative
operator. The following proposition is useful in our further purpose,
we may provide  all the details for completeness.

\begin{proposition}\label{prop02}
Assume that $T:D(T)\subset E\to E$ is a dissipative operator. Then
\begin{itemize}
    \item[(i)] $(I-T)$ is one-to-one;
    \item[(ii)] $T$ is closed if and only if
    $R(\lambda I -T)=(\lambda I -T)(D(T))$ is closed for any $\lambda>0$.
\end{itemize}
 \end{proposition}

 \begin{proof}  (i). Since $T:D(T)\subset E\to E$ is a dissipative
operator, we obtain (cf. \cite[Lemma 1.1]{Kato})
\begin{equation} \label{2.13001}
\|x-y\|\leq \|x-y-\lambda (Tx-Ty)\|
\end{equation}
for all $\lambda>0$  and $x, y\in D(T)$.
Setting $\lambda=1$ in \eqref{2.13001}, we see that $(I-T)$ is
injective.

(ii) ``if part": Take $y_n=(\lambda I-T)x_n\in R(\lambda I -T)$ with
$y_n\to y$. One can readily deduce from \eqref{2.13001} that
 $$
 \|x_n-x_m\|\leq \frac{1}{\lambda}\|y_n-y_m\|,
 $$
 which illuminates that $\{x_n\}$ is a Cauchy sequence, and therefore
converges to some $x$ in $E$.
This in turn gives $Tx_n=\lambda x_n-y_n\to \lambda x-y$.
The closedness
of $T$ then implies that
$x\in D(T)$ and $\lambda x-y=Tx$; i.e.,
$y=(\lambda I -T)x\in R(\lambda I -T)$.

``only if part":  Since $T$ is dissipative, it follows from
\eqref{2.13001}
that
$$
(\lambda I-T)^{-1}: \operatorname{R}(\lambda I-T)\to D(T)
$$
is Lipschitz continuous, and
\begin{equation} \label{02.13001}
\|(\lambda I-T)^{-1}x-(\lambda I-T)^{-1}y\|
\leq \frac{1}{\lambda}\|x-y\|
\end{equation}
 for all $\lambda>0$ and  all $ x, y\in R(\lambda I-T)$.

Let now $x_n\in D(T)$ with $x_n\to x$ and $Tx_n\to y$.
Set $y_n=(\lambda I-T)x_n$ then $y_n\to \lambda x-y$. Since
$ \operatorname{R}(\lambda I-T)$ is closed, it follows that
$\lambda x-y\in\operatorname{R}(\lambda I-T)$. Consequently,
the continuity of $(\lambda I-T)^{-1}$ gives
$x_n=(\lambda I-T)^{-1}y_n\to (\lambda I-T)^{-1}(\lambda x-y)$.
The uniqueness of limit yields that $x\in D(T)$ and $y=Tx$.
\end{proof}

\begin{theorem} \label{thm2.71}
Let $K$ be a nonempty,  closed convex subset $E$ and let $T: K\to E$
be a  dissipative operator and  let $S:K\to E$ be condensing.
Assume that there exists $R>0$ such that $\|Sx+T0\|\leq R$ whenever
$x\in K$ and $\|x\|=R$.  Assume additionally that either one of the
following holds.
\begin{itemize}
    \item [(i)] $T$ is closed and linear, and  there exists $\lambda_0>0$ such that
    $K\cup S(K)\subset \operatorname{R}(\lambda_0I-T)$.
    \item [(ii)] $T$ is nonlinear and  $K\cup S(K)\subset R(I-T)$.
\end{itemize}
 Then  $S+T $ has  at least one fixed point in $K$.
\end{theorem}

\begin{proof}
It is sufficient to give the proof for the linear case.
Since $T$ is a linear and dissipative, we know from \eqref{02.13001}
that  $(\lambda I-T)^{-1}: \operatorname{R}(\lambda I-T)\to D(T)$
is bounded and  $\|(\lambda I-T)^{-1}\|\leq 1/\lambda$ for each
$\lambda>0$.


We next show that
$\operatorname{R}(\lambda I -T)=\operatorname{R}(\lambda_0 I -T)$
whenever   $|\lambda-\lambda_0|<\|(\lambda_0 I -T)^{-1}\|$, which makes
sense by \eqref{02.13001}.
  Observe that in such case, we have
\begin{equation} \label{2.13002}
 \lambda I -T=\lambda_0I-T+\lambda I-\lambda_0I
 =[I-(\lambda_0-\lambda)(\lambda_0 I -T)^{-1}](\lambda_0 I -T).
\end{equation}
  Note that $T$ is linear. It then follows easily  from
$K\subset \operatorname{R}(\lambda_0I-T)$ that
$I-(\lambda_0-\lambda)(\lambda_0 I -T)^{-1}$ transforms
$\operatorname{R}(\lambda_0I-T)$ into itself. Now for any
 $y\in \operatorname{R}(\lambda_0I-T)$, define
 $T_y: \operatorname{R}(\lambda_0I-T)\to \operatorname{R}(\lambda_0I-T)$ by
$$
T_yx=(\lambda_0-\lambda)(\lambda_0 I -T)^{-1}x+y.
$$

In  light of (ii) of proposition \ref{prop02},  $R(\lambda_0I-T)$ is closed.
Note now that  $|\lambda-\lambda_0|<\|(\lambda_0 I -T)^{-1}\|^{-1}$.
Then an application of Banach contraction mapping  principle shows that
\begin{equation} \label{2.13003}
[I-(\lambda_0-\lambda)(\lambda_0 I -T)^{-1}]\operatorname{R}(\lambda_0I-T)
=\operatorname{R}(\lambda_0I-T).
\end{equation}
Joining \eqref{2.13002} and \eqref{2.13003} we confirm the said assertion.

Proceeding in this manner, we finally deduce that
$\operatorname{R}(\lambda_0 I -T)=\operatorname{R}(\lambda I -T)$
for all $\lambda>0$. Consequently,
$S(K)\subset \operatorname{R}(\lambda_0I -T)=\operatorname{R}( I -T)$.
We now define the mapping of $K\to K$ by
$$
x\to (I-T)^{-1}Sx.
$$

We claim that $\psi((I-T)^{-1}S(A))< \psi(A)$ for all
$A\subset K$ with $\psi(A)>0$, where $\psi$ denotes the  Kuratowskii
measure of non-compactness or the  Hausdorff  measure of non-compactness.
Indeed, take any bounded $A\subset K$  with $\psi(A)>0$, it follows
from \eqref{02.13001}, the basic properties  of  measure of
non-compactness \cite{Akhmerov,Banas} and the assumption that $S$ is
condensing that
$$
\psi((I-T)^{-1}S(A))\leq  \psi(S(A))< \psi(A).
$$
Now, if $K$ is bounded, then the well-known Sadovskii fixed point theorem
finishes the proof. If $K$ is unbounded, we need to verify that
$(I-T)^{-1}S: K\to K$ satisfies the Leray-Schauder condition.
As a matter of fact, let $R>0$ be as given in our assumption and suppose that
there exist $\lambda>1$ and $x\in K$ with $\|x\|=R$ such that
$(I-T)^{-1}Sx=\lambda x$. Then $(I-T)(\lambda x)=Sx$.
Since $T$ is dissipative, we obtain from \eqref{2.13001} and our hypothesis
that
$$
\lambda R=\|\lambda x-0\|\leq\|\lambda x-(T(\lambda x)-T0)\|=\|Sx+T0\|\leq R,
$$
which is a contradiction since $\lambda>1$.

Now,  according to the results in \cite{Pe}, $(I-T)^{-1}S$ admits at 
least one fixed point in $K$.
\end{proof}

Rechecking the proof, it can be seen that the crucial point is to ensure
that $\operatorname{R}(\lambda_0 I -T)=\operatorname{R}(\lambda I -T)$
for all $\lambda>0$ if $\lambda_0\neq1$. But, if $\lambda_0$ happens to be one,
then it suffices to require  $S(K)\subset \operatorname{R}(\lambda_0I-T)$
to make the theorem true. Thus we have the following corollary.

\begin{corollary} \label{cor2.1}
Let  $T: B_{\rho}\to E$ be dissipative and  let
$S:B_\rho\to E$ be condensing for some $\rho >0$. Assume
$S(B_\rho)\subset \operatorname{R}(I-T)$. Then  $S+T $ has  at least
one fixed point in $B_\rho $.
\end{corollary}



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\end{document}